API TC is a certification for two-strokeoils, awarded by the American Petroleum Institute. It is given after the product passes through stringent tests that determine the level of detergent performance, dispersion, and anti-oxidation. It is the only remaining, not revoked classification of the API Two-Cycle motor oil specifications (TA, TB, TC, TD). Being a very old standard itself, most currently produced 2T lubricants meet its specifications, even the lowest quality ones; current high-quality oils exceed them (often labeled 'API TC+' although not based on actual measurements).

The more current JASO_M345 or the international ISO two-cycle oil specifications are much better indicators of oil quality, with requirements based on modern two-stroke engines and environmental policies.

External links[edit]

The oil I'm using (Morris Multilife 10W-50) meets ACEA A3/B3 specifications, alongside API SL/SJ/CF and MB Sheet 229.1/229.3. Some people have told me European oils are required to meet higher standards, because they are used in higher-revving engines for longer periods of time. Others have told me the API has stricter standards because of. Specification for Rotary Drill Stem Elements ANSI/API SPECIFICATION 7-1 FIRST EDITION, MARCH 2006. 10.1.7.2 Connection stress relief features. Marked as complying with the requirements of API Spec 7 if it meets the standoff requirements before cold working. In such event, the connection shall also be stamped with a circle enclosing “CW.

API 5L is the implementation standard of steel pipe for pipeline transportation system and specification for line pipe. So how much do you know about API 5L pipe and why it is getting so popular and important in pipeline industries?

Here we will do a brief introduction of API 5L pipe and related standard specifications with below aspects:
Standard Scope
Manufacturing types
Different Grades (Covers B, X42, X46, X52, X60, X65, X70)
Delivery condition (R, N, Q, M means)
Product Specification Level (PSL1 and PSL2)
Material specifications (Chemical and Mechanical)
Test Mehtods
Tolerances on pipe diameters, wall thickness, out-of-roundness
Common defects
Line pipe history and milestones
Applications

API 5L pipe standard scope

In API SPEC 5L 2012 edition, it is defined the scope as:”Requirements for the manufacture of two product specification level (PSL1 and PSL2) of seamless and welded steel pipes for use in pipeline transportation systems in the petroleum and natural gas industries. This standard is not applicable to cast pipe.”

In a word, API 5L pipe is the carbon steel pipe applied to the oil and gas transmission system. Meanwhile, other fluids like steam, water, slurry also could adopt the API 5L standard for the transmission purposes.

Different manufacturing type

API 5L specification covers the manufacturing types in welded and seamless.

And welded pipe common types are spiral submerged arc welded pipe (SSAW), straight seam submerged arc welding pipe(LSAW), and resistance welded pipe (ERW).

Check here for the differences between the ERW, LSAW, and SSAW pipe.

On the other hand, seamless manufacturing type usually for the small diameters pipe, (the pipe diameter is less than 150 mm or 6 inch, the seamless steel pipe is more applied than steel pipe in welded.)

For your info, there are also big diameters seamless pipe. By hot rolled manufacturing process we could get seamless pipe diameters at most 20 inch (508 mm). But if you need the seamless pipe more than 20”, we can get it through hot expanding processes, maximum diameters to 40 inch 1016 mm.

API 5L pipe manufacturing development

Besides Seamless and ERW, SAW manufacturing technologies, in the earliest years the API 5L steel pipe also could be made in furnace lap-welded (deleted in API 5L in 1962).

As the development of pipeline steel plate making technology, pipe forming and welding technology also has been much improved, so a lot of ERW pipe and SAW pipe used in the pipeline constructions. Specially for the big diameter steel pipe, SAW pipe gains a great advantage. With less raw material cost, simplified and uniform production procedures, welded steel pipe has taken the first place in oil and gas line pipe industries.

API 5L covers Different grades

API 5L steel line pipe adopts different steel grades, generally are Gr. B, X42, X46, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70, X80. Some manufacturers are capable of manufacturing steel grade up to X100 and X120. As the steel line pipe grades higher, more strictly control on the carbon equivalent control, and higher mechanical strength performances.

More over, for the same grade API 5L pipe, seamless and welded chemical elements content is different, which welded pipe is required more strictly and lower on Carbon and Sulfur.

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By different delivery condition, there are also As-rolled, normalizing rolled, thermomechanical rolled, normalizing formed, normalized, normalized and tempered, quenched and tempered.

Delivery Conditions for each steel grades

To be continue:

For intermediate grades, API 5L pipe grade shall be in one of following description format:

a. The letter L followed by the specified minimum yield strength in Mpa. For example, L290 (X42) means the minimum yield strength is 290 Mpa. In case of PSL2 pipe, Suffix letter (R, N, Q or M) shall be added to describe the delivery condition;

b. The letter X followed by a two or three digital number equal to the minimum yield strength in 1000 psi rounded down to the nearest integer and, for PSL2 pipe, the letter describing the delivery condition (R, N, Q, or M) consist with the above formats.

Letter R: As rolled
Letter N: Normalizing rolled, Normalized formed, Normalized
Letter Q: Tempered and quenched
Letter M: Thermomechanical rolled or thermomechanical formed

Product specification level (PSL1 and PSL2 in API 5L)

What is PSL

PSL is the abbreviation of product specification level. The product specification level can be divided into PSL1 and PSL2, it also could be deemed as quality level.

PSL1 and PSL2 differences

Please click here for the differences between PSL1 and PSL2 pipes.

Requirement

PSL1 and PSL2 are not only different for testing requirements, but also for chemical composition and mechanical properties.

PSL1 is more strict than PSL2 in chemical composition, tensile properties, impact work, nondestructive testing and other indicators.

For more details please click here for Differences between API 5L PSL1 and PSL2.

Impact performance

PSL1 does not require impact performance, and PSL2 need to do except X80.

Non-destructive test

PSL1 does not require non-destructive test, where PSL2 required non-destructive test.

(NDT: Non-destructive inspection and testing. It is to use radiographic, ultrasonic or other methods (not to breaking the material) in API 5L standard, to reveal pipe defects, imperfections.)

API 5L pipe material specification

Material specification including chemical composition and mechanical properties for PSL1 and PSL2 pipe.

Line pipe chemical composition

Chemical composition for PSL1 line pipe with wall thickness ≤ 25.0 mm (0.984 inch)
API 5L Pipe Datasheet in PDF

API 5L PSL2 Pipe chemical properties:

Chemical Composition for API Sour Pipe

Tensile and yield strength

Mechanical Properties for API 5L Sour Service Pipe

API 5L line pipe test methods

Hydrostatic test

a. Jointers need not be hydrostatically level, provided that the portions of pipe used in making the jointers were successfully hydrostatically tested prior to the joining operation.

b. Except the previous situation, the pipe shall withstand the hydrostatic test without leakage through the weld seam or the pipe body.

Bend test

Cracks should not occur in any part of the sample and opening of weld shall not occur as well.

Please Note: For all bend test, the weld extends to a distance of 6.4 mm (0.25 in) on each side of fusion line.

Flattening test

The flattening test method is used to verify the deformation performance of line pipe to the specified size, and display its defects. According to the stress and deformation characteristics of the specimen during the flattening process, the flattening test shall show the resistance to longitudinal cracking and circumferential cracking of the pipe, and display its internal defects and surface defects.

Other than above three common tests there are other tests that required in each circumstances.
Guided-bend test
CVN impact test for PSL2 pipe (including pipe body tests, pipe weld and HAZ tests)
DWT test for PSL2 welded pipe

Surface conditions, imperfections and defects appearances

All API 5L pipes shall be free from defects, cracks, sweats and leaks.

More defects as:

Undercuts in SAW and COW pipes.
Arc burns
Laminiations
Geometric deviations
Hard spots
Other surface imperfections (Defects depth more than 0.125 thickness or ≤ 0.125 wall thickness refers to Clauses C in API 5L.)

API 5L pipe sizes and tolerances

Tolerances for diameter and out of roundness

Tolerances for wall thickness

Tolerances for pipe lengths

API 5L pipe length tolerances shall be complied as following conditions:
a. Random length shall be delivered as below table 12.
b. Approximate lengths shall be delivered as tolerances of +/- 500 mm.

What information that will be required for purchasing API 5L pipe

a. Quantity in meters or in tons. For example total meters or total pieces.
b. PSL1 or PSL2
c. Pipe Types (Seamless or welded, EW, HFW, SAW)
d. Reference documents to API 5L.
e. Steel Grade
f. OD (Outside diameter) and WT (pipe wall thickness)
g: Length and length type (Double random length / Single random length / Fixed length / Approximate length)
h. Individual annexes applicability of confirmation

Additional information

Following additional information also could be included in the PO in different situations.
• Pipe designation
• Chemical composition for intermediate grades
• Carbon equivalent limits
• Diameter or round tolerances for special size pipe
• Jointer welds
• Ends type
• Repairs requirements
• CVN impact test
• DWT test
• Hardness test
• Pipe markings and end colors
And etc.

Traceability is important

For PSL1 pipe, manufacturer shall establish and follow documented procedures to maintain
a. The heat identity until all related chemical tests are performed and complied the required specifications.
b. Test unit identity until all related mechanical tests are performed and complied with the related specifications.

Naruto gekitou ninja taisen special wii iso download kitatikuu77. For PSL2 pipe, Besides above terms, such documents shall provide means for tracing any length of the pipe to the proper test unit, including the related chemical and mechanical test results.

API 5L line pipe history and milestones

Before API 5L pipe standard generated

1834 First cast iron pipe made at US (Millville, NJ)
1856 Converter steel making technology developed
1858 First successful oil well established in Titusivlle, PA
1863 Screwed couplings used in pipeline connections
1863 Pipe is made in wrought iron with furnace lap-welded seams
1893 First 30 inch dia pipe made in lap-welded
1899 First large diameter seamless steel pipe in 20 inch is made, thickness at 5/8 inch
1917 11 mile pipeline is using electric metal arc welding
1919 API (American Petroleum Institute) is charted.
1924 Electric resistance welding with direct or low frequency current is invented
1925 Large diameter seamless pipe in 24” diameter is available
1927 Electric flash welded pipe is developed

After API 5L released

1928 First API 5L standard for manufacturing line pipe appears, covers furnace butt-welded pipe, furnace lap-welded pipe, seamless pipe. Minimum YS 172 Mpa 25000 psi, maximum 310 Mpa 45000 psi. Including material for three Grade A25, A, B, minimum yield strength was 172 Mpa, 207 Mpa, and 241 Mpa.
1931 API 5L pipe specification included ERW pipe (electric resistance welded pipe)
1933 Large diameter steel pipe mostly adopted electric arc girth welding
1944 Electric flash-welded pipe added in API 5L
1946 30 inch large diameter single submerged-arc-welding pipe begins
1948 Double submerged-arc-welded pipe (DSAW pipe) appears
1948 Release API 5LX standard, covers minimum yield strength material in 289 Mpa (42000 psi).
1953 API 5L Grade X46 and X52 pipe added
1962 Furnace lap-welded pipe removed from API 5L pipe, basic oxygen steel making processes accepted.
1963 Nondestructive inspection methods starts to use in API 5L pipe specification
1966 API 5L Grade X60 pipe appears
1969 Supplemental requirements for toughness test added in API 5L
1973 API 5L Grade X70 steel pipe appears
1983 API 5L and API 5LX combined in API 5L.
1985 Grade X80 pipe appears
2000 Minimum level fracture toughness made mandatory in API 5L

Before 2000, Grade X70 pipe used in pipelines total quantity at 40%, Grade X65 and X60 was at about 30% each, small diameter pipelines also choose to Grade X52 pipe, which mostly at ERW type.

API SPEC 5L-2012 and ISO 3183:2012

About API SPEC 5L 2012 – Latest version of API pipe standard

This version was started from April 2010, with collecting and analyzing of more than 400 suggestions, finally released at the end of 2012. In 18th, Feb, 2013, ISO 3183:2012 formally released on internet.

ISO 3183 standard specification for line pipe

In 2007, ISO and API did a joint release for ISO 3183:2007/API SPEC 5L 44th, to complete a international standard worldwide. Until 2012, United States claimed about the intellectual property right, so API terminated the cooperation with ISO, and no longer making standards for ISO. But the latest version of ISO 3183:2012 or API 5L 2012 still a union achievement, except API LOGO and onshore line pipe specification for European, the other content was all the same.

Differences between API 5L 45th edition and previously edition

The mainly difference between 45th Edition with previously is to add 2 additional appendix: European onshore pipeline for PSL2 pipe order specification, (Annex M). And Equations for threaded and coupled pipe and background equations for guded bend and CVN test specimens (Annex P). For the other content has a little difference in related standards, manufacturing technology, performances norm, inspection methods, besides adjustment of text expression. New version of API 5L 2012 is more completely, and scientific.

API 5L Pipe Application

Modern API 5l steel line pipe belongs to low carbon or ultra-low carbon micro alloy steel. It is high technology and high value-added product.

The steel line pipe production has almost applied to all new technology achievement in metallurgy field nearly 20 years.

At present, the development trend of line pipe engineering is large diameter, high pressure gas transportation, high cold and corrosion service environment, thick wall of submarine pipeline etc.

Therefore, API 5L steel line pipe should have high strength, high toughness and brittle fracture, and good weld ability, and suitable for sour services and in H2S environment with anti-corrosion performances.