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The Vedas
There are four Vedas, the Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda.The Vedas are the primary texts of Hinduism.They also had a vast influence on Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism.Traditionally the text of the Vedas was coeval with the universe.Scholars have determined that the Rig Veda, the oldest of the four Vedas, wascomposed about 1500 B.C., and codified about 600 B.C.It is unknown when it was finally committed to writing, but this probably was at some point after 300 B.C.
The Vedas contain hymns, incantations, and rituals from ancientIndia. Along with the Book of the Dead,the Enuma Elish,the I Ching,and the Avesta, they are amongthe most ancient religious texts still in existence.Besides their spiritual value, they also give a uniqueview of everyday life in India four thousand years ago.The Vedas are also the most ancient extensive texts inan Indo-European language, and as such are invaluablein the study of comparative linguistics.
Rig Veda
The Rig-Veda
translated by Ralph Griffith [1896]
A complete English translation of the Rig Veda.
Rig-Veda (Sanskrit)
The complete Rig Veda in Sanskrit, in Unicode Devanagari script and standard romanization.
Atharva Veda SAKSIVC Page 8 of 67 Ayurvedic concepts There are many suktas dealing with healing and the extension of life. Hence Ayurveda, the science of medicine in ancient and medieval India which is having a renaissance both in India and abroad is called as an upaveda or auxiliary Veda of Atharva Veda.
Vedic Hymns, Part I (SBE 32)Hymns to the Maruts, Rudra, Vâyu and Vâta,tr. by F. Max Müller [1891]
A masterpiece of linguistics and comparative mythology: translations and deep analysis of the Vedic Hymns to the Storm Gods.
Vedic Hymns, Part II (SBE 46)
Hymns to Agni,tr. by Hermann Oldenberg [1897]
The Vedic Hymns to Agni.
A Vedic Reader for Students (excerpts)
by A.A. Macdonell [1917]
An introduction to the Dramatis Personæ of the Rig Veda.
Sama Veda
The Sama-Veda
translated by Ralph Griffith [1895]
A collection of hymns used by the priests during the Soma sacrifice.Many of these duplicate in part or in whole hymns from the Rig Veda.This is a complete translation.
Yajur Veda
The Yajur Veda (Taittiriya Sanhita)
translated by Arthur Berriedale Keith [1914]
A complete translation of the Black Yajur Veda.The Yajur Veda is a detailed manual of the Vedic sacrificial rites.
The Texts of the White Yajurveda
translated by Ralph T.H. Griffith [1899]
A complete translation of the White Yajur Veda.
Atharva Veda
The Atharva Veda also contains material from theRig Veda, but of interest are the numerous incantations andmetaphysical texts, which this anthology (part of theSacred Books of the East series) collects and categorizes.The Atharva Veda was written down much later than the rest of theVedas, about 200 B.C.; it may have been composed about 1000 B.C.
The Hymns of the Atharvavedatranslated by Ralph T.H. Griffith [1895-6]
The unabridged Atharva Veda translation by Ralph Griffith.
The Atharva-Veda
translated by Maurice Bloomfield [1897]
(Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 42)
The Sacred Books of the East translation of the Atharva-veda.Selected hymns from the Atharva-veda.
Upanishads
The Upanishads are a continuation of the Vedic philosophy,and were written between800 and 400 B.C. They elaborate on how the soul (Atman)can be united with the ultimate truth (Brahman) throughcontemplation and mediation, as well as the doctrine ofKarma-- the cumulative effects of a persons' actions.The Upanishads(Sacred Books of the East, vols. 1 and 15):
The Upanishads, Part I (SBE 1)
Max Müller, translator [1879]
The Chandogya, Talavakara, Aitreya-Aranyaka, the Kaushitaki-Brahmana, and the Vajasaneyi Samhita Upanishads
The Upanishads, Part II (SBE 15)
Max Müller, translator [1884]
Katha, Mundaka, Taittirîyaka, Brihadâranyaka, Svetâsvatara, Prasña, and Maitrâyana Brâhmana Upanishads.
Thirty Minor Upanishads
by K. Narayanasvami Aiyar [1914]
Thirty shorter Upanishads, principally dealing with Yogic thought and practice.
From the Upanishads
Charles Johnston, translator [1889]
Translations from the Katha, Prasna and Chhandogya Upanishads.
Puranas
The Puranas are post-Vedic texts which typicallycontain a complete narrative of the history of the Universefrom creation to destruction, genealogies of the kings,heroes and demigods, and descriptions of Hindu cosmologyand geography.There are 17 or 18 canonical Puranas, divided into three categories,each named after a deity: Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva.There are also many other works termed Purana, known as 'Upapuranas.'
The Vishnu Purana
by H.H. Wilson [1840]
A primary text of the Vaishnava branch of Hinduism, and one of the canonical Puranas of the Vishnu category.Among the portions of interest are a cycle of legends of theboyhood deeds of Krishna and Rama.H.H. Wilson was one of the first Europeans to translate a Hindusacred text from the original Sanskrit.His style and annotations are exceptional and very readable.
The Garuda Purana
translated by Ernest Wood and S.V. Subrahmanyam [1911]
A Vishnu Purana with Dantesque descriptions of the afterlife, and details of Hindu funeral rites.
The S'rimad Devî Bhâgawatam
translated by Swami Vijnanananda (Hari Prasanna Chatterji) [1921]
One of the Upapuranas, devoted to the Devi (Goddess).
The Devî Gita
translated by Swami Vijnanananda (Hari Prasanna Chatterji) [1921]
The Song of the Goddess.An excerpt from the S'rimad Devî Bhâgawatam (above)
The Prem Sagur
(Prem Sagar) by Lallu Lal, translated by W. Hollings [1848]
English translation of a popular Hindi retelling of theKrishna cycle, based on the tenth book of the Bhagavata Purana.
The Transmigration of the Seven Brahmans
translated by Henry David Thoreau [1931]
An excerpt from the Harivamsa, a Puranic text, translated by the American transcendentalist philosopher.
Kundalini: The Mother of the Universe
by Rishi Singh Gherwal [1930]
Includes an English translation of the Lalita Sahasranama, the 'Thousand Names of the Goddess,' from the Brahmanda Purana.
Other Primary Texts
The Laws of Manu
George Bühler, translator [1886]
(Sacred Books of the East, vol. 25)
Manu was the legendary first man, the Adam of the Hindus. This is a collection of laws attributed to Manu.
The Sacred Laws of the Âryas, Part I (SBE 2)
George Bühler translator [1879]
(Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 2)
Hindu law books written by the sages Âpastamba and Gautama, in the first millenium B.C.
The Sacred Laws of the Âryas, Part II (SBE 14)
George Bühler translator [1879]
(Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 14)
Hindu law books written by the sages Vasishtha and Baudhâyana,in the first millenium B.C.
The Institutes of Vishnu (SBE 7)
Julius Jolly, translator [1880]
(Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 7)
This Hindu law book contains descriptions of yogic practises, and a moving hymn to the Goddess Prajapati.
The Minor Law Books (SBE 33)
Julius Jolly, translator [1880]
(Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 33)
Later Hindu law books written by Narada and Brihaspati about 600 CE.
The Satapatha Brahmana
A primary source for Vedic-era mythology, philosophy and magical practices.The complete five part Sacred Books of the EastSatapatha Brahmana translation is now online:
Satapatha Brahmana, Part I (SBE12)
Satapatha Brahmana, Part II (SBE26)
Satapatha Brahmana, Part III (SBE41)
Satapatha Brahmana, Part IV (SBE43)
Satapatha Brahmana, Part V (SBE44)
Hermann Oldenberg, tr. [1886]
The Grihya Sutras, Part 2 (SBE 30)
Hermann Oldenberg, tr. [1892]
Ancient Hindu household rites, including fertility, marriage, purity, initiations, and funerals.
The Epics
The Mahabharata and Ramayana are the national epics of India.They are probably the longest poems in any language.The Mahabharata, attributed to the sage Vyasa,was written down from 540 to 300 B.C. The Mahabharata tellsthe legends of the Bharatas, a Vedic Aryan group.The Ramayana, attributed to the poet Valmiki, was writtendown during the first century A.D., although it is based onoral traditions that go back six or seven centuries earlier.The Ramayana is a moving love story with moral and spiritualthemes that has deep appeal in India to this day.
In addition, a key Hindu sacred text, the Bhagavad Gita,is embedded in Book Six of the Mahabharata.
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Mahabharata
The Mahabharatatranslated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli[1883-1896]
Digitizing this unabridged translation of the Mahabharata was a joint venture between sacred-texts and Project Gutenberg.
The Mahabharata in Sanskrit
The text of the Mahabharata with parallel Devanagari and Romanization Unicode.
The Ramayana
Rámáyan Of Válmíki
translated by Ralph T. H. Griffith [1870-1874]
The first complete public domain translation of the Ramayana to be placed online.
The Ramayana in Sanskrit
The text of the Ramayana with parallel Unicode Devanagari and Romanization.
Abridged Versions
The Ramayana and Mahabharata
R. Dutt translator [1899]
A very readable abridged version of these epics.
Indian Idylls
Sir Edwin Arnold, translator [1883]
More stories from the Mahabharata, rendered in poetry.
Love and Death
by Sri Arobindo [1921]
The popular story of Ruru and Priyumvada from the Mahabharata.
Bhagavad Gita
The Bhagavad Gita, usually considered part of thesixth book of the Mahabharata (dating from about 400 or 300 B.C.),is a central text of Hinduism, a philosphical dialogbetween the god Krishna and the warrior Arjuna.This is one of the most popular and accessible of all Hindu scriptures,required reading for anyone interested in Hinduism.The Gita discusses selflessness, duty, devotion, and meditation, integratingmany different threads of Hindu philosophy.
The Bhagavadgîtâ (SBE 8)
with the Sanatsugâtîya and the Anugîtâtranslated by Kâshinâth Trimbak Telang,(Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 8) [1882]
A scholarly prose translation of the Bhagavad Gitawith two other similar, less well known, works from the Mahabharata.
The Bhagavad Gita in Sanskrit
A Unicode presentation of the Gita in Romanized Sanskrit.
Srimad-Bhagavad-Gita
by Swami Swarupananda [1909]
A modern English prose translation of the Gita with commentary.
The Bhagavad Gita
A modern prose translation of the Gita, sanctioned by the International Gita Society.